Archive for the Technology Category

I haven’t gone out with the camera in a few days.  Not for lack of interest mind you!  :)

We’ve had quite the weather change in the last few days.  From sunny & 80 to overcast and 60.  Not complaining.  The heat coming up so quick was quite the shock.  That combined with my recent excursions to Phoenix left me wondering, “Will this be some super hot summer?”

Fortunately the cool off here reminds me that I’m at a high elevation.  Heat ups won’t last too long, and Prescott has an overall comfortable climate most of the year.

A site update

For those Windows users out there, I wanted to let you know I’ve repaired an issue that has been causing problems with the Internet Explorer browser.  Off and on I’ve heard that IE browsers get hung up on my site.  Well, I found the last issue.

Months ago I had been hacked, notified, and I corrected it.  Apparently other hacks exist out there.  Nothing malicious from my site, but a redirect away from my site to another.  Specifically, somebody inserted a little IFRAME tag into one of my links to another Airstream site.  I had to delete the link, and re-insert the link without this little tag.

So, you should now be able to happily browse the site again.

Nice to know the hackers find my site popular enough to screw with, eh?

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I’ve gotten many questions privately regarding the HDR process. People really want to know how the process works. I can completely understand.

Months ago I found a web site talking about HDR. I was investigating the process after speaking with another photographer about how I shoot. He suggested I look into HDR, as it was a technique that he thought would work with some of my landscape shots in the Dells. Boy howdy, he was right!

So, today I thought I’d talk about the process, and about the 7 Point system as well.

The current photo to your left is an edited photo (not HDR) that I used the 7 Point System with. I only spent about 5 minutes on it. The shot was a little too dark, the white balance was off a bit as it was an extremely overcast day, and very little blue showed through in the sky. You’ll see the original photo next, and I think you’ll agree it was a touch washed out.

The 7 Point System is extremely helpful in knowing what to do in Photoshop. For this photo I worked in the Camera Raw editor. Nothing more. No masks, no layers, no painting with light. I could definitely improve this image some more, but I didn’t want to spend a long time on a quick shot for this post. Realistically I could have used Photoshop Lightroom’s Develop module and done the same quickly.

So, where did this edited photo come from? It was the 0EV exposure I shot as part of a series to create an HDR. When creating HDRs you want to take at least 3 photos at different exposure levels. With each exposure you get different levels of detail. A -2 EV will give you a lot of dark space, but the bright space making it through is usually not clipped. Your 0EV shot shows a bit of everything, but might not have the most extreme contrast. Finally, an over exposure will blow out your highlights (clouds and sky) but it provides a more accurate depiction of things like the foreground in a sunset photo.

Normally when you shoot a sunset the foreground is DARK. Or it’s a silhouette. Whatever the case, in order to get the detail of the foreground you need to over expose. When that happens the sky turns to junk. So, you need a few exposures.

The exposure to the left is the 0EV (on my light meter) shot. Pretty dark and ominous. Lacking a lot of color and detail. Did I take a bad photo? Nope, this is what the scene was due to lighting. Did it look like that to me? Nope, I definitely saw it different than the camera.

The first photo on this page was derived from this exact picture. Ah, the 7 Point System really can help with a “bland” photo. I’m so glad I’ve finally realized that using Photoshop isn’t some evil thing. Instead, used right it can really help you accurately recall a scene that your camera sensor just couldn’t bring in the whole way.

Our cameras always have a fixed aperture you know. You can select the amount of light and your exposure time when shooting a subject. Now, let me ask you, when you view a scene does your “aperture” in your eyes stay the same? No. Your pupils dilate, change the light coming in, and your eyes get to readjust for all sorts of light levels. It’s hard getting the whole scene with one fixed setting at a time. That’s where HDR comes in. Oh, and by the way, I’m not expert, but I get it, I finally get it, and it’s cool that someone realized blended exposures could show the viewer more!

Next I’m going to show you the -2 and +2 exposures side by side. Those two shots plus the one above went together in order to create the final HDR.

As you can see, the over and under exposures wouldn’t make for great photos alone. The under exposure (super dark one) shows you no details of the rocks at all. But take a look at the sky. Darker blues, darker elements to the clouds. The sky’s detail comes through a little more.

The over exposure on the other hand shows you all of the foreground. You really get to see the rocks of the Dells. But the sky’s detail is almost washed out. Not great. Maybe the 7 Point system could help with the brighter shot, but the dark one wouldn’t get too far……

The fun part is the fact that if you combine the 3 exposures (-2, 0, +2) you can get all the detail out of the 3. Take a look at the last image in this post and you’ll see…..

This image is the final HDR image. A shade different than any of the pictures you’ve seen so far, yet it’s just a Tone Mapped combination of the 3 images. It doesn’t look like any of the original shots, but it was derived from all the color and light information in the 3 photos.

In addition to combining the photos you also get to tone map the shot. You can increase the color strength of the image in order to get each color to really pop. You can reset the White and Black points to enhance bright areas and shadowed areas. And you can work on the contrast in the photo through a Micro Contrast and Micro Smoothing tool.

I currently use the Photomatix Program, and the Photomatix Plugin in my Adobe Photoshop CS3. There are other programs out there for HDR generation, and each has its own name for tone mapping, but all of them do the same thing.

So, not only are the photos blended, they are then worked on in the Tone Mapping within Photomatix. I can push the colors up or down, enhance light and shadow, and make my own attempt to really represent how my eyes saw the scene. And if I want I can also enhance what I saw. It was pretty drab out there when I shot this photo. Nice to take the drab out of it.

Since I arrived in Prescott I’ve been fascinated by the Granite Dells, Granite Mountain, and most of the national forest surrounding the area. I’ve been amazed by the scenes around me, and I’ve shot too many photos of the area. Many of those shots end up on the blog.

Over the year I’ve had many comments from readers about the area. Everyone gets that the rocks are amazing and the area is beautiful. Many people have commented on the neat photos coming out on the blog. And I’ve been glad to share the area.

The disappointment for me has always been the fact that none of the photos I’ve posted have truly captured how vast some scenes are. The Dells always seemed flat in my regular photos. While readers get to see the rocks I always thought they didn’t really see the rocks. With the HDR technique I think I’m finally showing you how dramatic the scenes are here.

Well, hope you enjoyed my longer explanation of HDR. If you’re interested in trying this out feel free to drop a comment with your questions. I’ve posted links to HDR tutorials before, but I’ve found every one lacking. I finally found a book that really helped me understand more about HDR. It’s not a “simplistic” book. A little technical actually, but if you can push through the technical I think you’ll find some great pieces of information. The book is, “The Complete Guide to High Dynamic Range Digital Photography,” by Ferrell McCollough.

By the way, if you’re a full-time RVer who is now interested in these photo techniques…….don’t blame me for filling your rig with books. It’s happened to me, and I’m finding ways to make space! :) And if you’re going to fill your rig with books, make sure my book is among them! :)

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I don’t know how many times a month I tell people about my favorite little book, “The Digital Photography Book.”  Guess I’ve helped the author bring it to the point of being the “Best Selling Photography Book” of all time.  Wow!

Glad to see a favorite read / manual is getting the type of credit that is due to it.

Now, how many times a month is the Digital RV recommended?  Hmmmm…..?  I wonder if every one of my readers talked about it with other RVers 10 times a month how many books would go out the door?  Better yet, I wonder when I’d catch up with Kelby’s book (that’ll be a long way off).

Playing with the 7 point system

As I’d mentioned the other week I started into another favorite book, “The 7 Point System for Adobe Photoshop.”  I’ve basically finished all of the lessons and I’ve got to say, I really do understand Photoshop.  I can take photos and fix flaws now.  Changing lighting, color, etc., are all within my reach.

Now it’s time to try one of my own shots.  Too bad I can’t make up my mind on what to edit!

If you want to understand Photoshop, check out the 7 point system!  That simple!

Unfortunately I haven’t been taking many photos lately.  Busy is an understatement.  Beyond that, I’ll be very busy over the next 8 days.  Then I’ll have a few days off.  The weekend of the 10th I’ll be free for 3 days.  A planned rest period.  Also, I’ll be shooting a rodeo in town on the 10th!  That should be fun.  Maybe I’ll create a few photos I want to edit!

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Yavapai CourthouseI didn’t get to post a lot about the weekend’s events. Busy one! I’m wondering if my server is working well enough to even post this now…..we’ll see.

Early in the a.m. on Saturday I decided to take a run into town. The trees are flowering, and they’re really a site! Very pretty indeed. Of course, you’ve got to have the right lighting, and the morning seems to be the right time.

After taking a few photos near the town square I returned to Point of Rocks to play tech support for Gunny. The mission, as I noted last night, was to get his VHS tapes onto his computer so they are not lost and gone forever. We’ve gotten him a long way too!

Like me, Gunny is a Mac user. After reading the second edition of the Digital RV Gunny decided he wanted a PVR for his Macintosh. He wanted to copy a collection of VHS tapes to his computer.

Unfortunately nobody in the area carries Elgato’s equipment (the Mac PVR company). But several stores carry Pinnacle’s PVR’s. After researching Elgato’s software I found that Pinnacle equipment could be used. So, for $99 Gunny picked up a Pinnacle USB converter, and the Elgato software for $79. In the end, a little more expensive than buying a device direct from Elgato.

Flowering tree in PrescottSo, Gunny spent part of Saturday & Sunday copying VHS tapes! And he was pretty happy with how the copies came out.

While Gunny played tech person, I went into domestic mode. Airstream cleaning. Reorganizing once again. 2 years full-timing. You collect a lot of stuff. In my case, BOOKS.

Why did I get on the reorganization kick? Gunny’s trailer. After a few years of ownership he’s finally happy with it. Many initial problems including a severe leak that messed up his insulation when he first bought it.

Over this past winter Gunny ripped out his dinette, put in a new corner table, and re-did the counters with Corian. Really cool. He also change his shower door and put a porcelain toilet in (really cool looking).

After seeing his interior upgrades I found a few new ideas for organizing in my trailer. Honestly, I wish his cabinet guy lived nearby, as I’d rip my dinette out tomorrow and make that wrap around computer desk I’ve been wanting.

Someday……someday…….

As I’d mentioned the other day (when I could post) we decided to head out for some photos in the Dells Saturday night. Fun walk out with Gunny, Lars, & Sadira.

Gunny and Natchez take in the viewGunny’s new pup Natchez came along for the hike. For those who remember reading about Gunny in 06′ you know he had a dog named Nana. Well, Nana passed away this winter. Now Natchez travels with Gunny. He’s a good pup, and spent some time with Nana.

Our hike was to a usual spot. Natchez dragged Gunny along, and was difficult at times. An 8 month old Shepard can be a little high strung!

We all had a good time in the Dells watching the sun drop below the mountains. We also got a little cold with 30 - 40mph winds blasting us on the top of the rocks. My hat popped off a few times.

There’s the wrap for Saturday……

I’m tired of typing now…. Go figure. I wish the site had been functional this weekend. Good to see it’s working now!

Sunday was another trip to Skull Valley, and some extra rest. For a weekend off, it didn’t feel like it.

I’ll catch up on Skull Valley later. Promise. Oh, and by the way…… Bert and Janie will be coming in this week! Wow, lot’s of visitors. Let’s see if I can get a day or two off to visit with them too!

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So, last night right before bed I found out that the Digital RV’s forum site was hacked.  The main page was replaced by a page letting me know who hacked it.  Really nice.  My site was “tagged”.  How “creative”.

Apparently the hacker in question is well known for these hacks, and I found so many other sites that have been hit by the hacker as well.  Wonderful, I’m not alone.

The end result.  The Digital RV’s Forum will be down for a while.  I’ll need to re-upload the database, the program that runs it, etc.  And I don’t have a ton of available time to fight with it right now.  Sorry all.

The good part is the hack wasn’t designed to do anything beyond change the site.  Data wasn’t lost, but the forum itself was damaged.

Thought I’d repeat the issue, as last night’s post was written by a tired and grumpy guy!  :)  And it was a little cryptic if you ask me.

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Well all, the Digital RV Forum has been toasted. Sorry. IXWebhosting is currently being assaulted by hackers, and my site was part of it all.

The Digital RV Forums was compromised, and I dropped the site rather than allowing it to be abused. User data is safe, no worries. But restoring the data will take time.

The rest of the Digital RV is fine. A vulnerability was exposed in an e-mail to me moments before the hack (and before bed), and I’m sitting here at 11:15 fighting the issue. No data was lost.  I eradicated the database before the hack was able to get that far.
The bummer is that discussions over the past two weeks have been lost, and I apologize. I’ll restore the information as soon as possible. Can’t say I’m pleased with Turkish hackers. Bottom line, and over seas hack job. Hmmmm….. I’ll leave it to readers to ponder.

I’ve got the hackers names, and originating sites. We’ll work on it here and try to secure further. Big hack across the net tonight.  No compromise to Hikenbike, just the digitalrv’s forum.  Sucks.  Reconstruction will start in a few days.  Not worth it while the hacks continue.  Welcome to the information age!

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Normally I’d post strictly tech columns over at the Digital RV. Today I’m bending the rules. Why? Well, I want this post in more than one place as it’s really important.

A friend recently made an interesting request. They asked that I put together a full post on making backups. Why did they ask me to do that? Simple. One of their friends had a computer go totally south on them. Photos, music, personal documents, financial data, and everything else that finds its way on to a system was lost. Unfortunately for that poor soul, no backup was ever created.

The person who lost their data is a blogger, like me. And they’re a a little more popular (higher traffic). When they lost their data they posted about it, and here’s where it gets interesting. Many readers commented they too don’t backup, don’t know how, etc.

Alright, when folks who regularly play on the Internet don’t backup, or don’t know how to, I guess it’s worth a sizable tutorial post. And that post can take space here as well as the Digital RV. So, let’s get to it.

A Basic View of Computers

First, let’s over simplify what our computers are. They do a lot, but I’m going to reduce the “computer” to a one trick pony (it has many tricks, but I think you’ll get this one). The most basic function of our computers is data storage. Let’s put that another way.

Your computer is a glorified file cabinet. There, I said it. Engineers across the nation are weeping because that doesn’t sound complex at all. Such a revelation could put them out of work. “Hey, Mr. Tech guy, you’re nothing more than a file cabinet specialist.”

For those who never thought about it that way I bet a light bulb went off just now. Seriously, your computer stores your data. Go back to the 60’s…..what did you store your documents in then? Uh, file cabinets. Today you store documents, music, photos, etc., in your computer. Previously when we weren’t working digital we stored all of those things in file cabinets too. They were physical, and now those documents are digital. Pretty cool.

Now, in the old days if you had a fire in the building where your file cabinet was, you’d loose everything. Unless you made copies (backups) of the contents of the cabinet, and put it somewhere else (a different cabinet). I bet you can see where this is going…….

In order to truly back up your digital data you need a different cabinet. And you need to make copies of your documents in the original cabinet and put those copies in the new cabinet. Fortunately making copies is much easier with digital files (no standing over a copy machine for hours on end).

folders.pngBy the way….it’s an easy leap to conceptualize your computer as a big file cabinet. The manufacturers make it simple really. Ever notice on both Windows and Macintosh that all of your data is stored in cute little FILE FOLDERS? Take a look at the picture to the left…..those little icons look like folders. And what do you put in folders? Files, documents, photos, etc. Yup, it’s a file cabinet alrighty!

I hope this over simplification regarding your computer’s primary function puts things a little more in perspective. If not, feel free to leave comments for clarification. But let’s move on and talk about “file cabinet” options that you can put copies into……

Storage Media for your Backups…in other words, “Your new file cabinets”

Now that we’ve established the need to copy what is in one file cabinet and put those copies in another cabinet (our backup) we need to figure out what type of cabinet to use. There are a few options available, and I think that might be one point of confusion for folks. “What should I use???”

drives-3.jpgToday we have many ways to store data, and most readers will be familiar with the backup media. Maybe not all of it, but most of it. Currently I personally back my data up in a number of ways. CDs, DVDs, Flash Cards, my IPod, and External Hard Drives. All of these items are in essence new file cabinets, although a few work differently, and we’ll talk about that.

CDs & DVDs

At this point I’m willing to bet everyone knows about CDs and DVDs. Our music and movies come on these little disks. New programs for our computers come on them, fun video games, and more. And all these disks really do is store data (files) for you to use on your computer. When you pop a CD or DVD into a computer the computer can read the files, replay them, or install new programs. They can also be used to store and backup your data if you buy the right types.

Both CDs and DVDs are available as Writable or Re-Writable at this point in time. And if you have a newer computer chances are it has a CD and DVD Burner. That means if you get blank CDs and DVDs you can write files to the disks. And if you make copies from your hard drive (file cabinet), put the copies on the CD or DVD and then burn the disk, you now have a backup of those files.

About CDs…..

CDs have been around for a while. They were great for making backups in the 90’s, but not super now. Why? Not much storage space to be honest. CDs run up to about 700 mega bytes now. Sure, you can store a ton of photos, songs, or documents on them, but not as much as you can on other media. If you have smaller files, few songs, or few files, CDs might be a good backup solution for you.

About DVDs…..

DVDs, specifically writable DVDs, haven’t been around as long as CDs. They can store more data, even though they look just like a CD. How can they do that? Why can’t a CD store as much. Hey, let’s not get bogged down here and pretend we’re engineers…..DVD’s can store more than a CD. Accept it and be happy.

Actually, DVDs can store about 4.5 Giga Bytes. One Giga Byte is the same as 1000 Mega Bytes. Remember, CDs can store about 700 Mega Bytes. So, you can see pretty quickly that a DVD can store about 6 times as much as a CD. If you’re looking to store a sizable amount of data, a DVD will beat a CD.

Burning Questions…..

So, once you’ve selected the documents you want to copy, and decided between a CD or DVD, you simply copy the files to the disk. But you’re not done. See, if you pop the disk out immediately it won’t work. You must BURN the data to the disk. Burning a disk is the process where the data is committed to the disk, written to it, and forever imprinted on the disk (unless you use a re-writable, which does what the name implies).

Mostly, when you use a CD or DVD you’re looking to make a permanent, unalterable copy of your data. Once a disk is burned it cannot be undone. You can’t add to it afterward, edit the file, delete the file, etc. It is there for all time (or until someone tosses the disk into one of those cool new shredders that eats credit cards and disks).

So, if you want a permanent unchangeable copy of your data (files), a CD or DVD might be the way to go.

Other Media Options….Flash Drives, and External Hard Drives

Like CDs and DVDs, I’m willing to bet you’re familiar with flash drives too. Even if you think you’re not. External Hard Drives are another story, and I’ll bet about 50% of the readers have seen them, but probably not everyone knows all about them.

drives-2.jpgFlash Drives

Do you own a Digital Camera? If so you’re already familiar with Flash Drive technology. The memory cards that go into your camera are “flash memory”. There are many different types of cards, but they all do the same thing. Basically, they’re portable file cabinets that know how to talk to your camera. And when you take a picture your camera creates a document (photo) on the card. It has stored a file in the portable file cabinet!

The fun thing with flash drives is that they’re not relegated to being for photos only. They can be used for any file type. So, when you hook that flash card to your computer you could in theory copy documents to it rather than just downloading your photos. When you copy documents to the card you’ve in essence created a backup once again.

Unfortunately, flash cards, flash drives, etc., can’t store too much data. Right now on the market we’re seeing flash cards and USB flash drives going up to about 8Giga Bytes. So, almost twice the storage space of a DVD. Not bad if you’re backing up personal documents, but lousy if you’re backing up an ITunes Library or giant photo collection. So, let’s say you’ve got huge amounts of files you want to backup…..what’s the option?

drives-1.jpgExternal Hard Drives

External Hard Drives are the holy grail of backup in my opinion. Why?

  • New external hard drives offer hundreds of Giga Bytes in storage.
  • External hard drives are portable.
  • They’re dirt cheap at this point in time.
  • You can treat them just like your computer’s hard drive.
  • You can use them between multiple computers, making it easy to copy large amounts of data between computers.

Only a few years ago I paid $350 for an 80GB external drive. Recently I paid $149 for a 500 GB external drive (more than 6 times the capacity at half the cost). Currently my computer’s hard drive is only 80 GB (older model), and my portable drives are much larger than the computer’s internal file cabinet.

drives.pngNot only are external hard drives great for making backups, they’re also fantastic for expanding your computer’s storage capacity. As I noted above, my computer’s drive is 80GB. I take about 5 GB of photos per month. As you can see, it wouldn’t take long to fill my computer’s drive…..so I started getting external drives to store my data, as well as make backups.

The latest screen shot shows part of my Macintosh’s desktop. As you can see, there’s a device named “Macintosh HD”. That’s the original hard drive on my computer. There’s also a little folder “webgifs” where I put photos that are going up on to the internet (like all the pictures in this post). Finally there are two more devices, “500GiG” and “LaciePortable”. These are 2 of my many external hard drives. One is used as a regular hard drive (the LaciePortable) and the other is used to back up EVERYTHING else!

See, my computer’s original hard drive is only 80GB, and the external drive “LaciePortable” is 320GB. Totaled, that’s 400GB of storage over all. The 500GiG drive is 500GB. More than enough room to copy everything on my original hard drive and my external that I use for new files!

So, what do I need?

That really depends on what you’re doing. CDs and DVDs will work great if you’re only storing a little at a time, and you don’t want to alter the backed up files (once you burn it, it’s permanent). Flash drives will work well if you’re only storing a little, and if you want to change the files on the drive over and over again. And external drives are great if you want to keep writing to them, and altering the files as you go (just like your current hard drive).

In my case, I do the following backup plan:

  1. ITunes Library (music, movies, everything): This library grows and changes. I make incremental backups of the library as it grows to DVDs (ITunes helps me do this). I also backup the entire library to an external drive (500GiG). I’ve got two copies then. One on an easy to access backup drive, the other on a permanent set of DVDs.
  2. Photo Libraries: If you’ve followed my site for a while you know I take a lot of pictures. A LOT! My main photo library from August through today has 35.8 GBs of photos in it. Way too much to store on my regular hard drive since it has so many programs on it. My main photo library lives on the external drive “LaciePortable”. It is backed up once a week to the drive “500GiG”. Also, about once a month I copy the latest photo folders to DVDs as well. That way if I have a real disaster (2 drives dying….nearly impossible, but it could happen) I can always restore from my DVDs.
  3. The Mac Hard Drive: I have backed up my entire Macintosh hard drive to the external drive “500GiG”. Once a month I back it up again, that way any new files that have been added will also show up on my backup. All of my personal documents, financial stuff, etc., get caught in this backup.

There’s my personal backup plan. In most cases, I copy incrementally to DVD. But mostly I use external hard drives to store backups. Having backups in more than one place is useful. Backing up to DVD is more of a pain, which is why I do it only when I’ve added enough data to make it worth my time. Backing up to the external hard drive is simple and easy. Copy from your main drive and paste to the backup drive. Done.

I thought there were backup programs out there…..more complex, right?

silver.pngYes, there are many backup programs out there. And you can get more complex. But let’s tone it down for a moment. All you really want to do is copy your important stuff from one cabinet to another. That’s all….breathe….there you go!

So, what’s up with backup software? Why the big deal? Why do people get paid tens of thousands of dollars to create complex backup plans for big companies??? Oh, I’m going to hyperventilate….

Backup programs can help make life easier. I use one. I know, I just told you copy and paste, that simple. Backup programs do the same thing. You tell them what to copy, and where to paste it. The nice thing about them is they can then do it automatically for you going forward.

My LaCie external drive came with a wonderful program called Silver Keeper. The program asks me what I want to backup (copy), and where I want to back it up to (paste). It then asks me when I want to do it. Once a week. Once a month. Daily? Only when I tell it to…..etc.

Look at the last screen shot. Pretty simple. On the left side I selected what I want to backup. I wanted to backup my music. On the right side I told it where to back up. The drive “500Gig” and into a folder called “Music”. Not so hard, right? The program does a few cool things though. Instead of recopying everything it checks to see what’s already in the backup, and what’s new. It only copies the new stuff, never touching the original stuff. All that does is save me time.

skback.pngSo, I could copy and paste entire folders every week, every day, every hour. Or I could let a simple backup program do it for me. By the way, all the external drives out there come with one form or other of backup software. For me, Silver Keeper meets my needs, and it’s not complex. Without it I’d simply copy and paste files, but that’s just me.

Wrapping up    

That’s about it for backing up.  Copy from one place, paste to another.  Basically, document copies in 2 file cabinets.  Not too hard.

If you want to see it in action, let me know.  Leave a comment.  I’d be happy to do a video podcast or two on backing up.  If I do it I’ll post it over at the Digital RV Podcast site.  :)  Be specific in your request on podcasts, as I don’t want to go too generic if I do them.

What’s your bottom line?  Here’s what you need to do before you run off to make your backups.

  1. Determine what things you want to backup.
  2. Once you’ve picked the files and folders you want to backup, find out how much space they take (right click in Windows and select properties…the file / folder size will be displayed….similar for Mac, but select Get Info instead of properties).  Total up your required backup space.
  3. Select the best storage media (file cabinet) for your needs.  If you have under 8 GB of stuff to backup, a flash drive, DVD, or CD might work for you.  If you need to backup more, check out an external hard drive at your local computer shop.  Externals are cheap, run mostly on USB 2.0 connections (almost all new computers have USB connectors), and for under $200 you could backup your entire computer easily.

***Note:  If you do an external hard drive, I recommend LaCie’s drives and Western Digital’s “MyBook”.   I’m using both products, and I’ve had great success with each.

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